Metodología
El Sistema de Estadísticas de turismo se integra en el Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas, suministrando información estadística fiable, coherente y adecuada sobre aspectos socioeconómicos relacionados con el turismo, que forman parte de estadísticas económicas y sociales relacionadas con otros campos y a distintos niveles territoriales.
En 2008, la comunidad estadística internacional aprobó un doble marco de recomendaciones metodológicas para medir el turismo de forma normalizada.
Las Recomendaciones internacionales para estadísticas de turismo 2008 (también conocidas como RIET 2008) proporcionan un marco metodológico global para la obtención y compilación de estadísticas de turismo en todos los países, independientemente del nivel de desarrollo en que se encuentren sus sistemas estadísticos.
Las RIET 2008 aportan los principales conceptos, definiciones y clasificaciones para la medición del turismo de forma normalizada en los distintos países. La esencia de estos conceptos y definiciones está recogida en: Entender el turismo: Glosario básico (árabe), (inglés), (español), (francés) y (ruso). Una versión más amplia de este glosario está disponible: Glosario de términos turísticos.
Su público prioritario es el personal de las oficinas y de las administraciones nacionales de turismo que trabajan en la compilación de estadísticas de turismo. La publicación contiene también un caudal de información que puede ser de interés para los usuarios de datos que quieran entender mejor la naturaleza de los datos turísticos. Además, ofrece orientación general respecto a las fuentes de los datos y los métodos de compilación.
Rápido resumen del contenido:
Capítulo 1: Desarrollo y necesidad de estadísticas de turismo
Capítulo 2: La perspectiva de la demanda: conceptos básicos y definiciones
Capítulo 3: La perspectiva de la demanda: caracterización de los visitantes y de los viajes turísticos
Capítulo 4: La perspectiva de la demanda: el gasto turístico
Capítulo 5: Clasificaciones de productos y actividades productivas para el turismo
Capítulo 6: La perspectiva de la oferta
Capítulo 7: El empleo en las industrias turísticas
Capítulo 8: Comprender el turismo en su relación con otros marcos macroeconómicos
Capítulo 9: Temas suplementarios
Las RIET 2008 fueron aprobadas por la Comisión de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas en su 39º periodo de sesiones (26-29 de febrero de 2008). Actualizan y reemplazan a las anteriores Recomendaciones sobre Estadísticas de Turismo (RET 1993) adoptadas por la Comisión en 1993 y publicadas en 1994 (en el Anexo 1 de las RIET se muestran las principales diferencias entre las RET 1993 y las RIET 2008).
The International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008 Compilation Guide (adopted by UN Statistical Commission in its 45th session, 4-7 March 2014) is a companion document to the International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics (IRTS 2008). The primary purpose of this Compilation Guide is to provide further clarifications and practical guidance for using sources and methods to compile statistics on tourism. It is designed to support the production of a high quality set of basic data and indicators in each country, and to strengthen the international comparability of tourism statistics.
The Compilation Guide discusses new data sources and the application of statistical methods to changing circumstances. Statistical methods evolve over time and the Compilation Guide does not present a prescriptive or definitive approach to compiling tourism statistics.
The Compilation Guide includes comments and explanations on the different concepts introduced and used in IRTS 2008, orientation on the issues behind these recommendations, guidance on how to compile the recommended variables and aggregates, and examples of how some countries have solved specific problems. Some of the solutions can be considered best practices; others, while geared to particular national circumstances, may nevertheless be interesting as illustrations of how countries can overcome obstacles encountered in the compilation process.
The Compilation Guide is structured similarly to the IRTS 2008 and provides extensive explanations and country examples of typical compilation issues, as follows:
Chapter 1: discusses how the System of Tourism Statistics (STS) has been designed, describing the basic information framework developed to promote the international comparability of tourism statistics, and introduces the importance of institutional aspects for developing a STS.
Chapter 2: provides a general overview of the demand-oriented conceptual framework of IRTS 2008, and the key concepts in the context of related observation issues.
Chapter 3: describes issues that arise in measuring visitor flows and in observing their characteristics, the processes that countries can follow in doing so, and the ensuing basic data and indicators.
Chapter 4: focuses on tourism expenditure, describing the measurement issues, the measurement instruments available, and the ensuing basic expenditure data and indicators.
Chapter 5: discusses the classifications used in tourism statistics, in particular those related to products and activities.
Chapter 6: describes the measurement of tourism supply in different forms of accommodation and also briefly discusses tourism supply from transport service providers, food and beverage service providers, and travel and reservation agencies.
Chapter 7: focuses on employment and describes the concepts, definitions, basic categories and indicators of employment in the tourism industries from both a labour and an industry statistics perspective.
Chapter 8: covers a number of cross-cutting topics which are relevant to the tourism statistics production process and meeting user needs, including quality management, the compilation of metadata, data dissemination and institutional aspects.
Additional information on compilation issues is provided in four annexes.
Annex 1: Proposed basic questions to measure flows and expenditure associated to inbound tourism.
Annex 2: Tourism expenditure vs tourism consumption.
Annex 3: Labour Force Survey Questionnaire of Lithuania.
Annex 4: Australia: Survey of Employees Earnings and Hours, 2012 - Help Page.
In order to keep the Compilation Guide as accurate as possible and to facilitate its update as new best practices are identified and countries provide the latest information on different statistical issues, is being issued in two different formats:
- As an e-document with hyperlinks to IRTS 2008, other documents, country case studies and complementary material, as deemed appropriate, which will be regularly updated to reflect new experiences considered useful for the statistics community. While the e document will be available in English only, the links will in some cases direct readers to case studies in other languages and in the United Nations official languages of the wherever possible.
- As a document in PDF format for printing and translation into other languages (except for hyperlinks material case studies and other complementary material), so as to facilitate dissemination to other interested audiences, particularly users of tourism statistics.
The general guidelines proposed by UNWTO are intended to promote the configuration of national tourism statistical systems with a view to:
obtaining sets of data that are sufficiently accurate and based on sufficiently homogeneous principles to allow for more advanced international comparability;
enabling countries to identify their statistical gaps and providing guidance on how to fill them; and
improving the design and monitoring of tourism policies (especially in the area of marketing).
La cuenta satélite de turismo (CST) es un marco estadístico normalizado y el principal instrumento de medición económica del turismo. The Cuenta satélite de turismo: Recomendaciones sobre el marco conceptual 2008 (también conocido como CST: RMC 2008) proporciona el marco conceptual común, actualizado, para elaborar una CST. Adopta el sistema básico de conceptos, clasificaciones, definiciones, tablas y agregados del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales 2008 (SCN 2008), la norma internacional para una sinopsis sistemática de la actividad económica nacional, desde una perspectiva funcional.
La CST permite así la armonización y la conciliación de las estadísticas de turismo desde una perspectiva económica (cuentas nacionales). Permite por ello generar datos económicos sobre turismo (como el PIB turístico directo), comparables con otras estadísticas económicas. La forma exacta en que la CST logra estos fines está relacionada con la lógica de la SCN de contrastar los datos obtenidos desde la perspectiva de la demanda (la adquisición de bienes y servicios por parte de los visitantes durante un viaje turístico) con datos obtenidos desde la perspectiva de la oferta (el valor de los bienes y servicios producidos por las industrias en respuesta al gasto de los visitantes).
La CST puede verse como un conjunto de 10 tablas-resúmenes, cada una con sus datos subyacentes:
- gasto turístico receptor, interno y emisor,
- gasto turístico interior,
- cuentas de producción de las industrias turísticas,
- el valor añadido bruto y el producto interior bruto (PIB) atribuible al turismo,
- el empleo,
- la inversión,
- el consumo de las administraciones públicas, e
- indicadores no monetarios.
La Comisión de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas tomó nota del documento CST: RMC 2008 en su 39º periodo de sesiones (26-29 de febrero de 2008). Actualiza y reemplaza al anterior CST: RMC 2000 aprobado por la Comisión de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas en su 31º periodo de sesiones (29 de febrero-3 de marzo de 2000); para entender las principales diferencias entre las dos ediciones, véase el Anexo 1 de CST: RMF 2008
Los datos de CST permiten entender mejor el lugar del turismo en la economía y hacen posibles diversos tipos de análisis económico (see TSA: RMF 2008 – Annex 6). Por ejemplo, se hace posible aplicar las técnicas de modelización económica (como el análisis insumo-producto) a los datos de la CST para estimar los efectos indirectos e inducidos del turismo en una economía.
In March of 2017, the UN Statistical Commission agreed with the UNWTO proposal to prepare a Compilation Guide for the Tourism Satellite Account under the supervision of the Committee on Statistics and TSA of the UNWTO. This guide should support countries in producing a TSA and to derive TSA indicators such as Tourism Direct GDP or employment related to tourism.
The Compilation Guide for the Tourism Satellite Account 2008 (CG-TSA) will be the companion to the international recommendations contained in Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008. It will be based on the Canadian Tourism Satellite Account Handbook (2007), the European Implementation Manual on TSA (2001), and the Eurostat TSA in the European Union, Volumes I, II and III (2009). In addition, the guide will make reference to the UN technical report on “a Systems Approach to National Accounts Compilation” (1999).
The Compilation Guide for the TSA would be structured as follows:
Chapter 1: Introduction
The introduction will explain the purpose of the Guide, including the target audience and the expected use, and will also explain the various roles of the Tourism Satellite Account.
Chapter 2: Framework of the TSA 2008
Will explain the Tourism Satellite Account with reference to the 2008 recommended methodological framework.
Chapter 3: Data sources
This chapter will review the different data sources that could be used for the demand and supply side to compile the recommended tables. The chapter will also discuss how to evaluate the different data sources and their feasibility for the TSA compilation, taking into account timing, geographical and statistical scope.
Chapter 4: National Accounts data for the TSA
The Tourism Satellite Account should be compiled in full alignment with the National Accounts.
Chapter 5: Compilation methods for the TSA tables
This chapter gives practical guide as to how to compile the TSA tables. The methodology discussed in the chapter may be of three kinds: top-down, bottom-up and a mixed approach, depending on the available data as discussed in chapter 3, as well as on a case by case basis. Particular attention will be paid to the following issues: estimation methods -- particularly for coverage issues, diversion from definitions used in the guiding frameworks (SNA 2008), specific issues while compiling (selected) tables and indicators on sub-regional level, and how to deal with seasonality.
Chapter 6: Dissemination of TSA table and indicators
This chapter discusses the dissemination of TSA tables and indicators, including the Sustainable Development Goal indicators. This chapter also covers references to the linking of the Tourism Satellite Accounts to the System of Environmental-Economic Accounts.
Chapter 7: Quality management
This chapter provides guidance on quality management and quality reporting bearing in mind the compliance with the recommendations of the methodological frameworks: SNA 2008 and TSA 2008. It will contain the main elements of reporting within a quality assurance framework and will include a number of country practices.
Expert Group on Compilation Guide for Tourism Satellite Account
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), with the support of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), are setting up an Expert Group on Tourism Satellite Account to lead the development of the Compilation Guide.
The group will collect and review existing supporting materials, collect country practices and draft text for the Guide.
The first meeting of the Expert Group on Compilation Guide for Tourism Satellite Account was hold in UNWTO Headquarters, Madrid (Spain) on 25 February 2019.
A System of Tourism Statistics (STS) should be understood, as that part of the National Statistical System (NSS) providing reliable, consistent and appropriate statistical information on the socio-economic aspects related to tourism, integrated within all the economic and social statistics related to other fields, at different territorial levels (national –or federal, where appropriate-, infra-national and international).
The design of a national STS should be viewed as the basic coordination and integration framework of the statistical information produced by all tourism stakeholders. Concepts, definitions, classifications, data, indicators, aggregates and table of results relating to tourism, designed so as to provide an exhaustive description of the tourism phenomenon in all its aspects (physical, social, economic, etc.) and a measurement of its economic contribution within a context of international comparability are a structural part of the NSS.
The new International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008 (IRTS 2008) and Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008 (TSA:RMF 2008) constitute the updated reference framework for the STS. As a consequence, they should be used as a reference for harmonization, coordination and integration of available tourism statistical information, although this information might extend in the coming years beyond the still restricted domain these recommendations touch upon: for instance, by extending the concept of consumption to include other components of demand (such as collective consumption and gross fixed capital formation), by developing the sub-national perspective, by developing the link with other statistical system such as that on environmental issues, etc.
Strengthening national STSs
The design of the STS should be viewed as the basic coordination framework of all the information produced by all stakeholders in tourism. Concepts, definitions, classifications, indicators and accounting aggregates relating to tourism, designed so as to secure an exhaustive description of the tourism phenomenon in all its aspects (physical, social, economic, etc.) and a measurement of its economic contribution within a context of international comparability are a structural part of the system.
Although it is the countries' responsibility to carry out the development of the STS, the UNWTO recommends this should follow the Basic Principles of Official Statistics approved by the United Nations Statistical Commission (11/15 April 1994).
Those principles provide guidelines for establishing and maintaining a credible STS and therefore, the use of such principles should be understood as a necessary condition to maintain users' confidence in tourism statistics and, particularly, to help guaranteeing the integrity, transparency and confidentiality of the individual data and the public access to the available statistics.
UNWTO has developed specific initiatives to promote greater credibility and comparability of tourism statistics in areas where it could have a comparative advantage: these consist exclusively of two demand-side variables (arrivals/departures by non-residents and expenditure associated to inbound tourism), on which general guidelines have been drawn up in order to provide the statistical instruments considered ideal for the great majority of countries (this is the case of our proposed model border surveys).
Also, albeit with much lower ambitions, minimal guidelines have been drawn up for those countries that due to various types of reasons (undoubtedly, limited availability of budgetary resources is the most common) consider the use of tourism modules in surveys in which it is possible to do so (basically, these are household surveys for the purpose of research on household budgets).
Lastly, and specifically regarding the usefulness of administrative and tax records, a comparative study has been carried out in various OECD countries which highlights the importance of statistics based on this type of records for the purpose the structural analysis of the tourism industries and for monitoring the situation of tourism activity on the demand side.
Aside from these contributions, others have also attracted the attention of the UNWTO Statistics Department and have been published as special issues in the “Enzo Paci Papers on Measuring the Economic Significance of Tourism”.
Volume 3 includes four contributions on the topic “Using Household Surveys for Measuring Domestic Tourism”:
- Including a “Tourism Module” in Household Income/Expenditure Surveys: WTO Proposal
- Estimating Domestic Tourism Expenditure in Developing Economies: Lessons from India
- Analysis of Tourism Behaviour Based on Household Survey: the Spanish Experience
- The Canadian Travel Survey: A Qualitative Research
The topic “Revision of series in tourism statistics” was dealt with in volume 4, including the following contributions:
- Revisions Policy for Official Statistics: A Matter of Governance
- Revisions of the Canadian National Tourism Indicators
- Revisions in the Spanish International Visitor Arrivals Statistics
- Accommodation and Border Survey Statistics in Sweden
Good practices
Over the course of several years, UNWTO has issued a number of contributions aiming at the strengthening of national STSs, notably:
- Tourism as an International Traded Service – A Guide for Measuring Arrivals and Associated Expenditures of Non-Residents
- Measuring Domestic Tourism and the Use of Household Income/Expenditure Surveys – The methodological background
These contain references to experiences that were considered to be especially pertinent to the topics at hand, though in no case was there any intention to carry out an exhaustive compilation of best practice examples. Therefore the examples given should be understood as merely illustrative of the development of national STSs, which are believed could be of interest to other countries.
The following examples are taken from boxes or annexes in Tourism as an International Traded Service – A Guide for Measuring Arrivals and Associated Expenditures of Non-Residents:
- Estimating actual length of stay from migrant cards: the case of Australia
- Collecting statistical information at Australia’s borders
- Exchange of information between countries with common borders: the case of Canada and the United States
- Measuring the flows of travellers in transit: pilot study carried out by Spain
- Estimating the number of international visitors within the Schengen are of free movement of people: the case of Spain
- Dealing with Unknown Reference Populations in Border Surveys on Inbound Tourism: the case of Italy
- Review of core tourism statistics – New Zealand Tourism Research Council